C51000 is a tin-phosphor bronze alloy primarily composed of copper (Cu, balance), tin (Sn: 4.2–5.8%), and phosphorus (P: 0.1–0.25%), with trace amounts of iron (Fe ≤0.05%), aluminum (Al ≤0.002%), and lead (Pb ≤0.002%) [3]. Renowned for its exceptional mechanical properties, it combines high tensile strength (410 MPa), yield strength (205 MPa), and hardness (HV170–190) with excellent corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity (21% IACS) . The alloy’s unique elasticity and fatigue resistance make it ideal for applications requiring repeated stress, such as springs, connectors, terminals, switches, and vibration plates in electronics, automotive, and precision machinery industries . Its cold/hot workability and self-lubricating properties further enhance its suitability for machining and forming processes .